1.
Effect Of Diets Formulated With Different Nutrient Densities On Performance And Blood Parameters Of Broilers At Different Phases.
by Hafiz Gulfraz Ahmad (2007-VA-089) | Prof. Dr. TalatNaseer Pasha | Prof. Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Poultry sector, the second largest industry of Pakistan, is growing exponentially to fulfill the growing needs of meat and eggs. Although poultry sector has shown incredible growth rate during the past decade; however, there is still gap between poultry meat demand and supply. Every living animal has a need for protein. It is the basic structural material from which all body tissues are formed. Dietary protein and metabolize-able energy content has re-emerged as a topic of interest and importance over the last few years mainly due to environmental concerns. Availability of balanced and economical ration has great importance in broiler production. Feed cost is the single most important factor, which accounts more than 70 percent of total cost in poultry production. The challenge for nutritionist and production managers is not only to provide a feed cheaper to a maximum possible level, but also to maximize profitability, because performance of the bird depends upon a broad range of dietary nutrients.
Two hundred day old chicks were purchased from the commercial hatchery. On the first day all chicks were weighed and were separated into 4 dietary treatment groups in completely randomized design so that each experimental treatment consist of 5 replicates having 10 chicks in each replicates in this way each treatment consist of total 50 chicks(4x5x10=200). Feeder and waterer were clean before start of experiment and were cleaned regularly till the end of experiment. Feed and water which were provided throughout experiment were clean, Ad libitum and completely hygenized.
Four experimental diets were prepared according to the Aviagen Recommendation (2012) but the level of ME in all groups were different, HD feed with ME (3000-3200 Kcal/Kg) and CP (19-24 %), MD feed with ME (2900-3100 Kcal/Kg) and CP (19-23), ND feed with ME (2800- 3000 Kcal/Kg) and CP (19-23 %) and LD feed with ME (2700-2900 Kcal/Kg) and CP (18-23 %) respectively. Data were collected for different parameters of growth performance, carcass traits and blood TG and HDL in mg/dl, respectively. The economics of each treatment was analyzed at the end data was analyzed through Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with use of Completely Randomized Design.
The highest weight gain (1862.4± 106.56) was observed in group HD having (ME: 3000 Kcal/Kg in Starter ration, 3100 Kcal/Kg in grower ration and 3200 Kcal/Kg in finisher ration) and lowest (2974.6±26.96) was observed in group LD having (ME: 2700 Kcal/Kg in Starter ration, 2800 Kcal/Kg in grower ration and 2900 Kcal/Kg in finisher ration) at 35 days of age. Overall result showed that there was significantly decline in weight gain with decreasing level of ME in diet .Statistical analysis showed that all treatments in starter and finisher rations were different (P≤0.05) except in finisher ration.
Carcass traits were non-significant (p > 0.05) to each other throughout experiment. Dressing percentage of broilers of different treatment groups was highest (60.38±7.90) in MD group and lowest was observed in LD feed group (54.6±10.37). Dressing percentage was increased as the level of metabolize-able energy increased in diets.
The highest blood Triglyceride level (36.3±2.5) was observed in HD group and lowest (29.5±3.92) was observed in ND group. Statistical analysis showed that there was a strong significant difference (P≤0.05) among all these treatment. Same results were found in case of HDL levels in blood. Data analysis proved that MD feed was most economical with good results.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2308-T] (1).
2.
Impact Of Different Protein Sources With Digestible Lysine, Methionine + Cysteine Ratios On Production Efficiency, Carcass Characteristics, Gut Development And Total Tract Protein Digestibility In Broilers
by Ghulam Mustafa (2009-VA-471) | Prof. Dr. Anujum Khalique | Prof. Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Athar Mehmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Due to price volatility of highly digestible but expensive protein sources like SBM future poultry diets will be formulated by using cheap and less digestible protein sources including CM and SFM due to price volatility. Undigested protein in hind gut subjected to microbial fermentation, resulted into formation of nitrogenous products, which are not only harmful to birds, but also excreted in litter bedding and generate ammonia, nitrous acid and nitrous oxide, the latter is powerful greenhouse gas with an effect about 300 times that of carbon dioxide. The potential solution to this problem is supplementation of synthetic amino acids (nearly 99 % digestible) in low nutrient density (crude protein) formulated by using cheap and less digestible protein sources. Therefore, objectives of current experiment were to determine the impact of digestible Lys, Methionine + Cysteine (M + C) ratios from different protein sources on production efficiency, carcass characteristics, gut development and total tract digestibility of protein in broilers. In total, mixed sex Ross 308 day old broilers were randomly assigned to 9 dietary treatments with replication of 6 replicates per treatment and 8 birds in each replicate. 1) Control corn soy based diet, 2) Canola meal (CM) based high crude protein ( 21% during starter phase and 19% during grower phase) diet with ideal protein ratio (IPR), 3) CM based high protein diet with 0.05 supplemented ( M + C ), 4) CM based low protein (19% during starter phase and 17% during grower phase) diet with IPR, 5) CM based low protein diet with 0.05 supplemented ( M + C ), 6) Sunflower meal (SFM) based high protein diet with IPR, 7) SFM based high protein diet with 0.05% supplemented (M + C), 8) SFM based low protein diet with IPR and 9) SFM based low protein diet with 0.05 % supplemented (M + C). All diets were fed as mash form in two phases (Starter 1-21 days and Grower 22-42 days). Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the experimental period. Celite @ 2% were used an inert marker for digestibility
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
42
study. Average body weights, FCR, mortality rate were recorded from each replicate for the estimation of production efficiency factor. At 42 day, fresh excreta were collected from each replicate and 2 birds from each replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered for carcass and gut measurements. Crude protein and acid insoluble ash (AIA) in feed and excreta samples were determined. The results of the present study indicate that the protein sources showed non-significant difference on production efficiency and gut development, however, significant difference was observed on carcass characteristics and total tract digestibility. The birds fed higher CP level showed significant difference on production efficiency, carcass characteristics and total tract digestibility of protein. Amino acid supplementation showed significant difference on production efficiency, carcass characteristics, gut development and total tract digestibility of protein. In this study, CM and SFM showed poor performance regarding production efficiency, protein digestibility, gut development and carcass characteristics compared with SBM. However, the supplementation of Meth had improved the performance. It can be concluded that Meth supplementation may improve the overall performance in broilers fed poorly digestible protein source (CM and SFM).
Further research is needed to evaluate the different strategies to improve the digestibility of poorly digestible protein sources including guar meal. Threonine also has an important role in gut development, so there is a need to study the effects of supplementation of threonine above the recommended levels in broilers fed poorly digestible protein sources. There is a need to evaluate the other protein sources that may replace SBM in broilers. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2586-T] (1).
3.
Protease Supplementation Influences Growth Performance, Gut Health And Ileal Digestibility Of Protein In Broilers Fed Low Protein Diets
by Shahzad Ahmad (2008-VA-240) | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Proteases are protein-digesting enzymes that are used to break down the proteins of various plant materials and proteinaceous anti-nutrients in plant protein feedstuffs. The use of exogenous proteases can help in the reduction of the protein contents of a given feed by improving the digestibility and availability of the protein thereby reducing the cost of feed contributed by the protein feedstuff. It will also help to reduce the nitrogen excretion by the poultry and will contribute to mitigate the climate change.
In the present study the protease from a bacillus lachniformis spp was supplemented to evaluate the effect of enzyme on protein digestibility, gut health and birds performance. For this three experimental diets with 21, 19 and 17 % CP (HP, MP and LP) with six treatments with and without exogenous protease were used in this trial to evaluate the effect of protease. Each treatment was replicated to 6 pens and 10 birds were allocated to each pen. Parameters studied regarding birds performance were feed intake, weight gain and FCR. All the growth performance parameters were recorded on weekly basis while the Ileal digestibility and gut health parameters were recorded at the 35th day of the trial. Data was analysed through completely randomized design (CRD) under factorial arrangement using ANOVA technique (Steel et al. 1997). Means were separated through Duncan’s Multiple Range test (Duncon’s, 1955) with the help of SAS 9.1.
The results of feed intake, weight gain and feed intake: gain on weekly basis showed inconsistent results, however the overall performance of the birds fed low protein diets supplemented with protease showed significant results. The gut health parameters showed the significant increase in villus height. The apparent Ileal digestibility of protein was significantly increased in the MP supplemented with protease enzyme.
36
CONCLUSION
Based upon the findings of this study it can be concluded that;
Supplementation of protease improves growth performance of the broilers however the results on weekly basis were inconsistent but overall growth performance data shows significant results.
Protease supplementation enhances the CP digestibility in 19 % diets compared to 21 % and 17 % CP diets.
The supplementation of protease enzyme improves the villus height and crypt depth: villus height in broilers.
SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Future researchers can further evaluate the subsequent effects of the protease on growth performance and immune response in broilers.
In future the research can be conducted to determine the effect of protease on energy digestibility and immune response in broilers. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2601-T] (1).
